Angulation

Skeleton

01. Paretial bone

02. Occipital protuberance

03. Frontal bone

04. Temporal bone

05. Zygomatic process

06. Cheekbone

07. Upper jawbone

08. Lower jawbone

09. Vertebrae

10. Shoulder blade

11. Humerus

12. Sternum

13. Radium

14. Ulna

15. Carpus

16. Metacarpus

17. Phalanges

18. Vertebra coccygea

19. Iliac bone (ileum)

20. Femur

21. Patella

22. Tibia

23. Fibula (calf bone)

24. Calcaneum

25. Tarsus

26. Metatarsus

27. Phalanges

28. Ribs

Proportions

The yellow line represents the height at the shoulders, which should be measured using a special rod for measuring dogs, placing the animal on a solid floor. The white line represents the total length of the trunk which the German Sheperd varies between 111% and 125% of its height at the shoulders.

Facial Axes

The cranio-facial axes (cranial axis AB and facial axis CD) are parallel in the German Shepherd. Any deviation from the parallelism represents a defect of varying degree. The right cranio-facial ratio is 1:1

Paws

A. Correct front foot

The foot should be rounded, with curved toes and the pads close together

B. Open front foot

This is a rather serious defect. The toes are spaced apart and not very curved. When moving the dog's foot does not have the elastic resting position

Ears

A. Correct bearing

The ears of the German Shepherd should be medium sized, attached to the head high up and held erect. Both ears should be the same, with the pavillion forward and pointed tips.

B. Ears spaced too far apart

C. Ears too close

D. Ear with a semi-erect pavillion

TEETH

A. Incisors

B. Canines

C. Premolars

D. Molars

Unlike man and other animals, the teeth of the German Shepherd have an unusual feature: the lack of cement on the layer of enamel.

This is why they are always bright white (unless tartar has build up or there are traces of pharmacological substances).

FIELD OF VISION

The field of vision of a dog with a very long skull can even take in an angle of about 270°. Binocular vision is subtended by a very narrow angle, so a vision in relief is limited.

In a dog with a rounded skull the field of vision is limited to about 200°, while the angle of relief binocular vision is slightly increased.